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Second known seal of Argyros, son of Meles as magister and dux of Italy, Calabria, Sicily and Paphlagonia
Lot # 743 - (Argyros, son of Meles), magister and dux of Italy, Calabria, Sicily and Paphlagonia. PB Seal, second half of XI cent. Obv. Bust of the Virgin, holding the Christ child on her left arm. Border of dots. Sigla: ΜΡ-ΘV (Μήτηρ Θεοῦ). Rev. Inscription of seven lines:-+-[ΑΡΓVΡ] / (Μ)ΑΓΙCT S Δ /[ΚΙ] ΙΤΑΛΙΑC / ΚΑΛΑRΡΙΑC / CIKELIAC / ΠΑΦΛΑΓΟ[Ν] / ΤωΜΕ(Λ)Τ[Ἀργυρῷ] μαγίστ(ρῳ) (καὶ) δ[ού](κι) ᾿Ιταλίας Καλαβρίας Σικελίας Παφλαγο(νίας) τῷ Μέ(λη)τ(ι). 27.71 g. 36 mm. The owner of this seal simultaneously held the titles of magistros and doux of Italy, Calabria, Sicily, and Paphlagonia. Therefore, despite the lack of a clearly legible name on the seal, there is no doubt that it belonged to Argyros, son of Meles (Vera von Falkenhausen: Untersuchungen über die byzantinische Herrschaft in Süditalien vom 9. bis ins 11. Jahrhundert, Wiesbaden 1967, pp. 93–94). A full reconstruction of the inscription is possible thanks to the existence of a seal from the Kofopoulos collection (1606). The obverse of the specimen from that collection is considerably less well preserved (J.C. Cheynet, Argyros, fils de Mélès, et sa descendance (In:) Revue des études byzantines, tome 76, 2018, p. 209. About EF. Argyros was the son of the Apulian separatist Meles of Bari and Meralda. Around 1009/1011, when Meles first rebelled against Byzantine rule in southern Italy, the inhabitants of Bari captured Argyros and Meralda and sent them together to Constantinople. It wasn’t until 1029 (according to other sources: 1038) that he was allowed to return to Apulia. In May 1040, when Argyros entered Bari, the Lombards rebelled against Byzantine rule and overthrew the katepan Nikephoros Dokeianos. In this endeavor, they were supported by Norman mercenaries under Arduin of Melfi, who had deserted from the Sicilian expedition of the Byzantine general Georgios Maniakes. In February 1042, Argyros was proclaimed princeps and dux of Italy by the rebels in Bari, succeeding Atenulf, who had been bribed by Byzantium. However, already in July 1042, Argyros also accepted a bribe and switched sides: he aligned himself with the new Byzantine emperor, Constantine IX, and opposed Maniakes, who had declared himself an enemy of the emperor in Sicily. After the Apulian uprising was suppressed, Argyros was honored in Constantinople with the high-ranking titles of patrician and magister vestes. In 1051, the emperor entrusted Argyros – the first Lombard to hold such a position – with the governance of the Catepanate of Italy (under the title Dux of Italy, Calabria, Sicily, and Paphlagonia). It is precisely from this period that the seal must originate. In order to face the growing Norman threat in southern Italy, he formed an alliance with the papacy, but he failed (or perhaps chose not) to prevent the defeat of Pope Leo IX at the Battle of Civitate in June 1053, where papal forces were defeated by the troops of Humphrey of Hauteville, and the pope himself was taken prisoner. Argyros served as imperial governor in southern Italy until 1058, without achieving a renewal of the Byzantine–papal alliance. Later information about him is scarce. He likely died in 1068 in Bari; shortly before his death, he donated a richly embroidered silk robe to the monastery of Farfa, which has survived to this day. An autograph of Argyros is preserved (Trinchera, Syllabus Graecarum membranarum, 1865, p. 665).
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