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Lot # 965 - ARCADIUS (383-408). GOLD Solidus. Constantinople. Obv: D N ARCADIVS P F AVG. Helmeted and cuirassed bust facing slightly right, holding spear and shield decorated with horseman motif.Rev: CONCORDIA AVGG A / CONOB. Constantinopolis seated facing on throne, head right, with foot set upon prow, holding sceptre and victoriola.RIC 7; Depeyrot 55/1.The eldest son of Theodosius I from Spain, Arcadius became augustus at the age of six. When his father left to end the usurpation of Eugenius and did not return, Arcadius remained in Constantinople in his stead and became augustus of the East at eighteen, while his brother Honorius got the West. The empire was now divided, Theodosius I was first seen as the unifier and then as the one who divided it forever. From this time on, the two empires had independent lives and slowly became more and more distinct from each other, and Arcadius was recognized as the first Byzantine emperor. Initially Arcadius reigned under his patron Rufinus, an ambitious politician from Aquitaine who frowned upon his equivalent in the West, Stilicho. The latter made a secret agreement with the Visigoth leader Gainas, who had been welcomed to Constantinople by Arcadius, and killed Rufinus. Stilicho thus prevailed in this dispute but was sentenced to death in 408, accused among other things of the murder of Rufinus himself. His place was then taken by the eunuch Eutropius, remembered in the sources as a cruel and vicious man. Eutropius tried to forge an alliance with Alaric, who now hold the balance of power between East and West. By putting his opponents to death and confiscating their wealth, he succeeded in getting Stilicho declared a public enemy and bring Africa under the control of the East in order to secure its grain, bringing the West to its knees and starving it. In any case, Arcadius was persuaded by the court to get Eutropius, who was in fact acting as the real emperor, out of the way and hit with damnatio memoriae as well. In his place was chosen Gainas himself, the Visigoth leader, who, however, was short-lived. The anti-barbarian mood that was fueled by influential figures, such as Patriarch John Chrysostom, resulted in a revolt in Constantinople against the Goths and, therefore, also against Gainas, and led to a massacre of the barbarians and the escape of their leader. At this point the reins of the empire were taken over by the emperor's wife, Aelia Eudoxia, as Arcadius proved incapable of governing. Aelia pushed Alaric to invade the West, receiving in turn fierce criticism from the patriarch and the hatred of much of the people. However, she died in 404 from an abortion, while Arcadius died of illness four years later. Condition: Near extremely fine.Weight: 4.26 g. Diameter: 20 mm.
Lot # 967 - ARCADIUS (383-408). GOLD Solidus. Mediolanum. Obv: D N ARCADIVS P F AVG. Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.Rev: VICTORIA AVGGG / M - D / COMOB. Honorius standing right, with foot on captive to right, holding labarum and crowning Victory.RIC 1205; Depeyrot 16/1.The eldest son of Theodosius I from Spain, Arcadius became augustus at the age of six. When his father left to end the usurpation of Eugenius and did not return, Arcadius remained in Constantinople in his stead and became augustus of the East at eighteen, while his brother Honorius got the West. The empire was now divided, Theodosius I was first seen as the unifier and then as the one who divided it forever. From this time on, the two empires had independent lives and slowly became more and more distinct from each other, and Arcadius was recognized as the first Byzantine emperor. Initially Arcadius reigned under his patron Rufinus, an ambitious politician from Aquitaine who frowned upon his equivalent in the West, Stilicho. The latter made a secret agreement with the Visigoth leader Gainas, who had been welcomed to Constantinople by Arcadius, and killed Rufinus. Stilicho thus prevailed in this dispute but was sentenced to death in 408, accused among other things of the murder of Rufinus himself. His place was then taken by the eunuch Eutropius, remembered in the sources as a cruel and vicious man. Eutropius tried to forge an alliance with Alaric, who now hold the balance of power between East and West. By putting his opponents to death and confiscating their wealth, he succeeded in getting Stilicho declared a public enemy and bring Africa under the control of the East in order to secure its grain, bringing the West to its knees and starving it. In any case, Arcadius was persuaded by the court to get Eutropius, who was in fact acting as the real emperor, out of the way and hit with damnatio memoriae as well. In his place was chosen Gainas himself, the Visigoth leader, who, however, was short-lived. The anti-barbarian mood that was fueled by influential figures, such as Patriarch John Chrysostom, resulted in a revolt in Constantinople against the Goths and, therefore, also against Gainas, and led to a massacre of the barbarians and the escape of their leader. At this point the reins of the empire were taken over by the emperor's wife, Aelia Eudoxia, as Arcadius proved incapable of governing. Aelia pushed Alaric to invade the West, receiving in turn fierce criticism from the patriarch and the hatred of much of the people. However, she died in 404 from an abortion, while Arcadius died of illness four years later. Condition: Good very fine.Weight: 4.41 g. Diameter: 21 mm.
Lot # 969 - HONORIUS (393-423). GOLD Solidus. Constantinople. Obv: D N HONORIVS P F AVG. Helmeted and cuirassed bust facing slightly right, holding spear and shield decorated with horseman motif.Rev: CONCORDIA AVGG I / CONOB. Constantinopolis seated facing on throne, head right, with foot set upon prow, holding sceptre and victoriola; star to left.RIC 201; Depeyrot 73/1.Honorius became Augustus of the West at the age of ten at the behest of his father Theodosius I, who was intent on establishing the succession before his death. Given his young age, however, he was assisted by the valiant general Stilicho, who was half Vandal in origin and unlikely to have been aiming for the throne. The East, on the other hand, was entrusted to Honorius's brother Arcadius, and this was home to unrest because the two brothers did not like each other and were both assisted by cunning and manipulative advisers. By now there was no longer talk of a western and eastern part of the empire, but of two separate empires. Theodosius' project of a united empire in solidarity with the barbarian peoples, integrated into the Roman army, had failed. According to some historians Arcadius was the first Byzantine emperor. Stilicho faced great difficulties on the eastern front, mainly due to Alaric's Goths and other tribes crossing into Gaul. The situation precipitated and the Senate refused to pay a large sum of money to Alaric, further accusing Stilicho of conspiring with the enemy and condemning him to death in 408. It was the beginning of the end for the West, because the most valuable politician and general was lost. Honorius resided in Ravenna, where he treacherously attempted to murder Alaric, who was there to renew the 'foedus' with the emperor. This caused him to break off all negotiations and led to the famous 'sack of Rome' in 410, which marked the end of the city as capital. The news of Rome's fall represented a trauma for the empire and the collapse of the certainty of its invincibility. Honorius also did not recognize the marriage between his half-sister Galla Placidia and Ataulf, Alaric's successor. This marriage was strongly desired by the Goths and may have been a response to the crisis in the empire, as Ataulf intended to settle permanently in Roman territories by offering protection to the emperor instead of fighting him. In 413 General Flavius Constantius defeated four usurpers in the western provinces, succeeded in signing a peace treaty with Ataulf, and became associate emperor under the name Constantius III (421) but, unrecognized by the eastern empire, died shortly thereafter. In 423 Honorius also died, marking the final surrender, the birth of the Romano-Barbarian kingdoms and the first steps of medieval history. Condition: Near extremely fine.Weight: 4.47 g. Diameter: 21 mm.
Lot # 970 - HONORIUS (393-423). GOLD Solidus. Rome. Obv: D N HONORIVS P F AVG. Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.Rev: VICTORIA AVGGG / R - M / COMOB. Honorius standing right, with foot upon captive, holding labarum and victoriola.RIC 1252; Depeyrot 34/2.Honorius became Augustus of the West at the age of ten at the behest of his father Theodosius I, who was intent on establishing the succession before his death. Given his young age, however, he was assisted by the valiant general Stilicho, who was half Vandal in origin and unlikely to have been aiming for the throne. The East, on the other hand, was entrusted to Honorius's brother Arcadius, and this was home to unrest because the two brothers did not like each other and were both assisted by cunning and manipulative advisers. By now there was no longer talk of a western and eastern part of the empire, but of two separate empires. Theodosius' project of a united empire in solidarity with the barbarian peoples, integrated into the Roman army, had failed. According to some historians Arcadius was the first Byzantine emperor. Stilicho faced great difficulties on the eastern front, mainly due to Alaric's Goths and other tribes crossing into Gaul. The situation precipitated and the Senate refused to pay a large sum of money to Alaric, further accusing Stilicho of conspiring with the enemy and condemning him to death in 408. It was the beginning of the end for the West, because the most valuable politician and general was lost. Honorius resided in Ravenna, where he treacherously attempted to murder Alaric, who was there to renew the 'foedus' with the emperor. This caused him to break off all negotiations and led to the famous 'sack of Rome' in 410, which marked the end of the city as capital. The news of Rome's fall represented a trauma for the empire and the collapse of the certainty of its invincibility. Honorius also did not recognize the marriage between his half-sister Galla Placidia and Ataulf, Alaric's successor. This marriage was strongly desired by the Goths and may have been a response to the crisis in the empire, as Ataulf intended to settle permanently in Roman territories by offering protection to the emperor instead of fighting him. In 413 General Flavius Constantius defeated four usurpers in the western provinces, succeeded in signing a peace treaty with Ataulf, and became associate emperor under the name Constantius III (421) but, unrecognized by the eastern empire, died shortly thereafter. In 423 Honorius also died, marking the final surrender, the birth of the Romano-Barbarian kingdoms and the first steps of medieval history. Condition: Near extremely fine.Weight: 4.42 g. Diameter: 20 mm.
Lot # 971 - HONORIUS (393-423). GOLD Solidus. Ravenna. Obv: D N HONORIVS P F AVG. Pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.Rev: VICTORIA AVGGG / R - V / COMOB. Honorius standing right, with foot upon captive, holding labarum and victoriola.RIC 1323; Ranieri 13; Depeyrot 7/1.Honorius became Augustus of the West at the age of ten at the behest of his father Theodosius I, who was intent on establishing the succession before his death. Given his young age, however, he was assisted by the valiant general Stilicho, who was half Vandal in origin and unlikely to have been aiming for the throne. The East, on the other hand, was entrusted to Honorius's brother Arcadius, and this was home to unrest because the two brothers did not like each other and were both assisted by cunning and manipulative advisers. By now there was no longer talk of a western and eastern part of the empire, but of two separate empires. Theodosius' project of a united empire in solidarity with the barbarian peoples, integrated into the Roman army, had failed. According to some historians Arcadius was the first Byzantine emperor. Stilicho faced great difficulties on the eastern front, mainly due to Alaric's Goths and other tribes crossing into Gaul. The situation precipitated and the Senate refused to pay a large sum of money to Alaric, further accusing Stilicho of conspiring with the enemy and condemning him to death in 408. It was the beginning of the end for the West, because the most valuable politician and general was lost. Honorius resided in Ravenna, where he treacherously attempted to murder Alaric, who was there to renew the 'foedus' with the emperor. This caused him to break off all negotiations and led to the famous 'sack of Rome' in 410, which marked the end of the city as capital. The news of Rome's fall represented a trauma for the empire and the collapse of the certainty of its invincibility. Honorius also did not recognize the marriage between his half-sister Galla Placidia and Ataulf, Alaric's successor. This marriage was strongly desired by the Goths and may have been a response to the crisis in the empire, as Ataulf intended to settle permanently in Roman territories by offering protection to the emperor instead of fighting him. In 413 General Flavius Constantius defeated four usurpers in the western provinces, succeeded in signing a peace treaty with Ataulf, and became associate emperor under the name Constantius III (421) but, unrecognized by the eastern empire, died shortly thereafter. In 423 Honorius also died, marking the final surrender, the birth of the Romano-Barbarian kingdoms and the first steps of medieval history Condition: Good very fine.Weight: 4.43 g. Diameter: 21 mm.
Irene of Athens
Lot # 1013 - IRENE (797-802). GOLD Solidus. Constantinople. Obv: ЄIRIҺH ЬASILISSH. Crowned bust facing, wearing loros and holding globus cruciger and cruciform sceptre.Rev: •ЄIRIҺH ЬASILISSH Θ. Crowned bust facing, wearing loros and holding globus cruciger and cruciform sceptre.DOC 1a; Sear 1599.Irene was born in Athens in 752 and was the first woman to reign as emperor. She was the wife of Leo IV with whom she had a son, Constantine VI. Initially she found herself reigning in place of her son, who was only ten years old. But when he became old enough to claim the throne, Irene did everything in her power to remain in charge, going so far as to misadvise him and even having him imprisoned. After the riots that broke out due to the blinding of General Alexios Mosele and the army's disappointment over his escape to the Bulgarians in 792, Constantine VI attempted to flee to the East, but his mother had him captured and blinded. Injuries led to Constantine's death and Irene found herself alone at the command, despite the fact that she was not particularly popular herself, both as a woman and because she was a promoter of a return to image worship and opposed iconoclasm. In 787 she organised the Second Council of Nicaea, where she condemned iconoclasm as heresy and, in order to gain the favour of the people, promoted a policy of donations and tax relief, especially for monasteries. These measures gained her popularity at the expense of state taxes, which did not help in view of defence against external dangers. The Empire was in fact threatened by the growth of the Arab caliphate and the Bulgarians in the north. Moreover, in the west Charlemagne had defeated the Lombards and was supported by the pope, who had turned his back on Constantinople. Before considering a marriage to the Frankish king in 802, Irene was deposed by a palace conspiracy, forced to take her vows and exiled to the island of Lesbos, where she died the following year. Condition: Extremely fine.Weight: 4.39 g. Diameter: 21 mm.